Up till the Civil Services Main Examination in 2022, Geography-IAS Mains Q&A (2023 Edition) has been updated and amended. This book's solutions to the papers from the previous 15 years (2008?2022) are divided into several topics in accordance with the most recent curriculum. The extensive covering touches on practically all facets of this topic and works well as useful study material. The ideal scenario is for an applicant to browse over the last 10?15 years of papers in order to acquire a sense of the type of questions that are asked and how they should be answered. Therefore, with this in mind and without sacrificing the quality of the answers, we have offered the last 15 years' worth of answers. Additionally, this has been done to limit the cost and page count, i.e., to stop the book from getting heavier. Answerwriting in this book: We have put forth answers to each question as per the demand of the question. We have adopted an elaborative approach while writing these answers to arm you with relevant knowledge related to all aspects of a particular topic. In most of the answers, we have provided additional information, not necessarily adhering to the prescribed word limit while answering the questions covering all dimensions. This will enrich your knowledge on that topic, enabling you to write better answers in future. This book will assist you in answer writing practice in two ways? use this book as a source of reference/ study material and write answers in your own unique way or alternatively, you may write previous years? answers and compare them with the standard answers provided in this book. Importance of Geography as an Optional: Geography is the most preferred optional subject in UPSC CSE. Around 30% of all candidates who write UPSC Mains take this Optional. This subject is scientific (no rote learning needed), high success ratio, overlaps with prelims syllabus (will help in GS 1, GS 3 and Essay papers). It has an important role to play in preliminary exam as around 15 to 20 questions from Geography are asked every year in prelims etc.